Analysis of code of ethics in testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Examination of code of morals in testing - Essay Example The Code relates broadly to evaluating in training that is, instructive appraisal, understudy arrangement, affirmations and instructive determination. This implies the code is identified with common paper and pencil tests, execution tests and PC based tests. Be that as it may, it isn’t expected to cover declaration testing, business testing or different types of testing outside the instructive field. The Code is basically aimed at tests that are expertly built up that are utilized in programs that are authoritatively managed testing. Since the Code doesn't cover tests arranged by instructors, educators are convinced to utilize the techniques in order to build up their testing exhibitions. The Code focuses on the elements of test clients and test engineers independently. Test engineers are for the most part associations and individuals that set up strategies and develop tests. Test clients are organizations and individuals that settle on tests, request test improvement administrations, settle on choices on the tests delineated and regulate tests. Test clients and designers jobs may overlie, for example, when a nearby or state training organization assumes responsibility for test advancement administrations, setting up approaches that deal with the test improvement process just as settling on choices dependent on the grade. A few explanations in the Code present the utilization and choice of tests that have existed. The Code must give direction in situations where new test are created, when the organization of a test is placed into request or when adjustment is done to a current test. The Code isn’t intended to be obligatory, conclusive or comprehensive and it may not be applicable to each situation. On the other hand, the Code is anticipated to be rousing and not planned to take prevalence over the decision of the individuals who are capable in the subject tended to. The Code offers help autonomously for tests clients and designers in four fundamental regions: choosing and creating reasonable

How to Write Archeology Essay Guide Tips - Bestessay4u

Paleohistory is the investigation of the human past through breaking down material stays, for example, antiques to build and comprehend human practices and culture. It includes unearthing of ancient times and history archeological destinations in quest for the fossils staying, for example, apparatuses, canvases, and so on to comprehend the human development. Figuring out how to compose this sort of paper is vital on the off chance that you are seeking after a paleohistory study or a related course. So when chipping away at such an exposition, you should direct significant research to give proof and confirmation your contention. In this content, you will discover all the subtleties and privileged insights to composing a great prehistoric studies paper. What Is Archeology Essay? Straightforward Definition Above all else, we have to comprehend what a prehistoric studies exposition is. This is a type of scholastic composing introducing a recorded or logical contention about the human endeavors, culture, and progress through dissecting fossil curios. The paper should introduce dependable archeological discoveries, information, and data about fossil, for example, apparatuses, earthenware among other material survives from human life. Specialists Know How to Write a Good Archeology Essay On the off chance that you need to compose an incredible archeological paper, you should have sound wellsprings of data to persuade and show your comprehension of the subject. Along these lines, composing such a paper calls for escalated research to get the important information. So before composing, you ought to settle on the point. The fact is that archaic exploration is a huge report that involves many different examinations. Along these lines, you ought to recognize the correct point for your paper. For example, you may decide to utilize a logical methodology for your paper where you should incorporate a great deal of logical discoveries, procedures, and information to help your contention. Additionally, you may utilize a recorded or geological subject that expects you to show significant data of time and spot of a specific antiquated progress presence and undertaking. Tips on How to Start an Archeology Essay Before you start the creative cycle, you ought to guarantee that you have perused and comprehended the directions of the task. Another essential viewpoint to mind is the cutoff time. Remembering and controlling these two focuses will assist you with arranging and deal with your time proficiently to stay away from late accommodation and pointless punishments. When you know about the time span given, you can build up an arrangement on the most proficient method to look into on the given subject. A successful method of looking into is by visiting archeological destinations to get firsthand data and proof. In any case, this can be a difficult errand on the off chance that you have restricted time to compose your paper and it is basic for some understudies since the greater part of the composing isn't done on the field yet rather in the homeroom or during available time. In this manner, in the event that you have sufficient opportunity, you can visit historical centers or history displays to peruse and break down archeological ancient rarities and to have a superior comprehension of the subject. Visiting such places won't just allow you to get the firsthand data however will likewise help you obviously comprehend what you have realized in the study hall just as from different sources, for example, verifiable diaries, books, and sites. Therefore, it will give you an away from and thoughts of what to introduce in your paper. Simultaneously, when leading exploration, it is fundamental to take notes to abstain from missing pivotal focuses while introducing your thoughts. Indeed you can allude to them when composing your paper as your brain can't store all that you read or see. The most effective method to Structure an Archeology Essay Properly When you distinguish the subject of your paper, you ought to characterize its motivation. An appropriate method to guarantee that you will meet the expressed goal is by drafting a framework to follow. A system will control you through and help you not to lose the concentration or objectiveness of your paper. All in all, the antiquarianism exposition structure ought to have an essential standpoint containing three urgent parts, which are: A presentation A body An end The most effective method to Develop Your Archeology Essay Introduction The start of your paper ought to be as agreeable and enthralling as could reasonably be expected. To begin with, you should make this part speaking to the peruser, and the most ideal method of doing this is to begin with a snappy and convincing explanation. The data ought to likewise contain the data on what's in store in the whole exposition, and the most suitable route is to incorporate brief foundation data about the subject you have decided for your paper. It likewise in this piece of the article where you should introduce the principle speculation, or proposition explanation, of the work. What to Include in an Archeology Essay Body The data you have assembled when examining ought to be utilized to help your speculation. It is the body some portion of your paper that ought to contain a great deal of applicable realities and information you have acquired while directing examination. In addition, for believability purposes, you should refer to the data sources properly. The utilization of delineations, models, and tables among other steady realities will likewise assist with indicating your comprehension and information on the subject. This is required to convince the peruser in your thoughts. Simultaneously, when supporting the speculation, utilize a section structure instead of simply featuring the focuses, what you may do in the draft. The most effective method to Write a Great Archeology Essay Conclusion When you have depleted all the basic focuses that you needed to introduce in your paper, you can compose the end by summing up all the primary concerns of the whole content. In any case, don't repeat everything about you have remembered for the paper. Rather, your decision should just summarize the primary thought in a couple of sentences featuring the goal of the content just as the contentions to help the postulation. Like some other scholastic works, prehistoric studies papers ought to be composed utilizing legitimate language structure and submitted inside the gave time allotment. In any case, because of the idea of the prehistoric studies examines that require concentrated research to discover applicable data, most understudies face troubles and difficulties recorded as a hard copy incredible articles. So because of dissatisfactions and absence of appropriate direction, numerous understudies wind up getting low evaluations for their assignments. To stay away from such an experience, you can contact a solid expert author to help with your archaic exploration article or some other undertaking. In this regard, we are a dependable composing administration that manages a wide range of scholastic assignments. In the event that you don’t have the opportunity to do a task, or you stayed with inquiring about any archaic exploration subject, reach us, and we will help you. Put in an exposition request today, and appreciate the outcomes!

I feel the need, the need for speed!

I feel the need, the need for speed! Yesterday, I got up early, despite having gone to bed late the night before, because 5th East was going to Six Flags New England, courtesy of Sarah 08, who organized the trip. Also, because I wanted to have time before we left to go take some pictures. Apparently, Lord Voldemort (of Harry Potter fame) tried to kill the Great Dome with a curse, leaving a lightning bolt-shaped scar similar to Harrys. It was visible from far away. And tour groups in Killian Court looked at it as they went by. Hacks make me so happy. We proceded to Six Flags, which we explored in small groups. When I say that 5th East went to Six Flags, I dont mean the current residents of the hall went to Six Flags. I mean, the 5th East community went to Six Flags. You dont stop being a Child of Florey (another name for a 5th East-er, if you couldnt figure that out) because of something like graduation. *grin* Brian 08, Antonio 02, and Laura 04 are happy to be at Six Flags. My group spent the first several hours in Hurricane Harbor, the water park. I really love intense water rides, and this place had a lot of them. There was a thin blue tube called Cannonball Canyon that you went down on your back, which started out slow for the first several seconds and then had a sudden increase in the downward angle (the way Antonio described it was Lame, lame, lame, AAAAAAAHHHHHH!!). And a green water slide that went straight down. And something called the Tornado, where your group was on a raft that went through a tube into a huge funnel, where the water coming from all directions caused the raft to go back and forth and every which way and climb the walls to the point of practically going upside down. After the water park, we went on all the roller coasters. When I was little, I was afraid of most roller coasters. But when I was eleven, my parents got divorced and when my autistic twin brother came up to visit my mom, he wanted to go to amusement parks. This particular brother has been a roller coaster junkie ever since he was too little to go on most of the rides. And my mom is afraid of roller coasters. So it fell to me to take him on whatever rides he wanted. And pretty soon, I had little fear of any roller coaster, and had ridden every one at Kentucky Kingdom and Kings Island multiple times. This was one of the coasters we went on, the Mind Eraser: We went on all the major roller coasters at the park, except for the newest one. Different people like different styles of roller coasters. I, for example, do not like it when roller coasters corkscrew frequently or jerk you around from side to side, because I get splitting head-and-shoulderaches afterward. However, those of us in my coaster-riding group were in unanimous agreement about the worst and best coasters Worst: New England Skyway. Ive been on a lot of wooden coasters. Ive been on the Beast, in Ohio, which is one of the most famous wooden coasters in the country. They are always a rougher, more jolting ride than steel coasters, and I know to expect that. I have never, ever, been on a rougher or more jolting coaster than the New England Skyway. It felt like the rungs on the track were turned vertically instead of horizontally. It was quite painful. Best: Superman, Ride of Steel! Built in 2000, this was rated the #1 coaster in the world four years in a row, with good reason. It climbs 20 stories, with an amazing view of whatever river that is that runs parallel to it. The first drop is 221 feet at a 75-degree angle. It reaches speeds of 77 miles per hour and lasts around three minutes. It has two awesome red-lit underground tunnels. Superman was so imposing that, as we waited in line and I looked at that first drop, I felt genuinely scared of a coaster for the first time in years. Going up the first hill was nerve-wracking. All my fear evaporated as soon as we started down the hill, replaced by cheering and whooping. It is a truly amazing ride in addition to its impressive features, the lap restraints feel far more secure than they do on most rides, and it is easily one of the smoothest-feeling rides Ive ever been on. We went so fast that it blew tears from my eyes. The wait was very long, but it was worth it for this truly amazing ride. We left when the park closed at 10. I was dehydrated, and quite sleep-deprived from the previous night happy to crawl into bed at 1:15!

What Is The Role Of Religion In The Culture Of The...

The Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is home to almost 11 million people. Located in the Caribbean just 90 minutes by plane from Miami, it shares the Hispaniola island with Haiti to the west. The Climate is Tropical year-round with an average temperature of 76 °. Christopher Columbus discovered the island on his very first voyage in 1492. Shortly after the Spanish brought African slaves to the island to work the plantations. We will look the people and the culture of the Dominican Republic as it puritans to what the role of religion is in the culture, what the norms are for marriage, proper etiquette in the Dominican culture, cultural traditions, gender roles, and how certain values impact how people behave. I. What is the Role†¦show more content†¦II. What does marital success and family look like in this culture?1 There are three different types of marital unions in the DR these include church marriages, civil marriages, and consensual unions. Church marriages and civil marriages are dominant among the upper classes and the weddings can be expensive, while consensual unions are most common among the poor. This can be traced all the way back to the slave periods. During this time Slave families were broken up and marriages were not allowed. It is also important to note that the DR is a leader when it comes to the number of girls that get married before the age of 18. A startling 41% get married before they reach the age of 18. And almost 13% were married before they turned 15. Overall, marriage is an important part of life as a Dominican. III. What are some proper etiquette rules? When meeting someone the rules are not that much different than the American way of meeting someone new. A simple handshake with good eye contact and a welcoming smile is the norm. Although it is important to note that in the DR culture maintaining eye contact indicates interest and it may be considered rude not to make good eye contact. If you are invited to dinner it is expected to bring a small gift such as chocolates or pastries. It is important to note not to bring gifts that are purple or black as these indicate mourning colors. And expect the gift to be opened when it is received. Dominicans also take a lot of pride inShow MoreRelatedThe Culture of Dominicans Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesTHE CULTURE OF THE DOMINICANS 2 . Culture is the thoughts, communications, actions, beliefs, values, and institutions racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups (Jarvis, 2012, p 14). Every culture has its own view/ understanding about health care, health and illnesses. Although what might be seen as acceptable in one culture, may not be acceptable in another, regardless of where you are health care and culture will always exist. My definitionRead MoreTransnationalism: The Study of Population Moves1737 Words   |  7 Pagesto adapt to a different nation has become an easier task than it was before. 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The Fundamental Law Of Nature And Government - 2140 Words

In this essay I will be arguing that the prerogative is a right that is needed by the executive branch in order to fulfill the fundamental law of nature and government: the preservation of all of its members. So long as the fiduciary grant is meant to achieve this goal it has the right to be exercised at the discretion of its user. This argument will discuss the nature of the prerogative, its necessity, and its justification for use. This will be supported with evidence from Locke’s Second Treatise of Government. The prerogative is not an abusive instrument that is meant to subverts the laws society; it is a tool meant to adhere with utmost urgency to the fundamental law of society: doing what is best for the people and their property. It is meant to ensure that not even its own laws can do harm to the citizens it so righteously protects. The enshrinement of this ideal is founded on the social contract all members of civil society enter into when they become a part of society. This contract is created from something as well; the law that governed man in its original state of nature, reason. Locke asserts that man was born into the world in a perfect state of freedom to order his own actions. He is capable of reciprocal jurisdiction without consent from any outside influence. Abiding by the law of nature he came to find that all men were independent and equal by divine will. Since God had created all men they would be his property, and thus all would be held in the sameShow MoreRelatedEssay about John Locke ´s Flawless Government860 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst all, and creates pandemonium. As a result, we create governments to maintain control. Obviously there is no such thing as a perfect government, and there will never be a perfect government. However, there are some methods of governing that come extremely close to achieving an ideal government. John Locke offers a way of governing, which I believe comes remarkably close to creating a flawless gov ernment. 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The origin of their differing conclusions is found in their respective interpretations of the end a government is meant to serve; to the republican Machiavelli, the government is a means to individual liberty through political participation, while the absolutist Hobbes believed the sovereign, acting as the government, is the provider of security and freedom from â€Å"continuall feareRead MorePhilosophers: Niccolo Machiavelli, John Locke and Karl Marx885 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent forms of government in the world. Through their literature they have created a huge wave of revolutionary ideas that exist in the several forms of government to this day. On one hand, Machiavelli advocates political absolutism. It is a form of government in which the governed accept the powers granted to a single ruler usually vested in a king or an emperor by divine manifestation. On the other hand, both Locke and Marx contradict the Machiavellian ideology of government. In contrast, Locke

Which Factors Make Advertising Effective Free Essays

EUROPEAN BUSINESS SCHOOL LONDON REGENT’S COLLEGE FALL TERM 2012 Which factors make advertising effective? A marketing literary review based on the Hierarchy of Effects, with a focus on the role of Music in Advertising Report by Onofri S. S00603638 Word Count: 2364 Supervisor Prof. Gordon Bowen Advertising and Media in the Marketing Environment (MKT5A5) 1 Summary Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 2 A Basic Condition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Which Factors Make Advertising Effective? or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 The HoE model: three responses to be aroused †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ) Cognitive Response †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2) Affective Response †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3) Conative Response †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The role of Music in Advertising 1) Cognitive Purpose 2) Affective Purpose 3) Conative Purpose RECOMMENDATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 5 6 7 9 9 9 9 10 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. CONCLUSIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 List of References 2 ABSTRACT â€Å"What makes advertising effective? : this Report aims to answer this es sential issue because it is the key for achieving –or not- the goals pursued by every company that invests in advertising. The general question has been divided in three areas, depending on the type of consumer’s response that advertising aims to arouse: cognitive, affective or conative, according to the famous Hierarchy of Effects model proposed by Lavidge and Steiner in 1961. In addition, the report focuses on the role of Music in advertising, with the purpose to highlight how its use can help to achieve efficacy in advertising. Five recommendations are identified through the report. Advertisers should first choose the media mix able to reach as many consumers as possible from the target audience (Ogilvy, 1985). Using appealing creativity (Dahlen et Al, 2010) and increasing the frequency of the message (Pickton and Broderick, 2005) is required to pass successfully through all the selective phases of consumers’ influence process, in order to make them memorize the contents of advertising. Music can be very helpful both for gaining consumers’ attention and giving a mnemonic quality to the message (Sutherland, 2008). An effective way to build an emotional link with consumers is referring to common culture (Godin, 1999). Jingles are able to involve consumers, at the point that they can become part of consumers’ cultural background of people (Sutherland, 2008). It is necessary to understand how the purchasing decision is taken by consumers in order to affect their behaviour; the FCB matrix by Vaughn (1986) identifies four types of purchasing process and suggests the quantity and quality of information to provide for each of them in order to have an impact on the decision making process. Since music sets up an entertaining mood, its use appears to be appropriate for the feel products and not for the think products (Arens et Al, 2011). As most of these factors refers to the ability of understanding consumers’ minds, the report has confirmed that psychology represents a basic support for marketing functions as the making of effective advertising (Foxall et Al, 1998). 3 INTRODUCTION This paper aims to identify the factors which make advertising effective. The research starts stating a basic condition then, since â€Å"efficacy is the ability to bring about the intended result† (Oxford dictionary, 2007), the report analyses which are the marketing objectives pursued by advertising. The Hierarchy of Effects Model proposed by Lavidge and Steiner (1961) is considered pivotal in the communication process. Accordingly, the report uses a tripartite approach in order to better isolate and identify the factors that make advertising successful whether the response sought from consumers is cognitive, affective or conative. The report then operates a specific analysis on the role of Music in advertising, showing how music can be a very useful tool to reach efficacy (Sutherland, 2008) for all the three pursued responses shown previously. Recommendations and Conclusions about the topic complete the analysis. Practical examples chosen among the most famous companies provide evidence to the theoretical analysis; further examples can be found in the appendices. This research has been performed through the method of the literary review: books, papers and articles of famous Marketers and Psychologists are used as sources. A Basic Condition Advertising is undoubtedly a central part of promotion, but compared to the 4 Ps of marketing mix theorized by McCartney (1960), it represents only an aspect of the marketing effort made by the company (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). To reach and maximize the efficacy of advertising, firms should develop a deep know-how of their market, becoming what Llambin (2008) calls market-driven companies. This is achievable only by large investments in market research, in order to know as much as possible about consumers and competitors. As Cowles and Kiecker stated (1998), â€Å"market research is important not only to identify the most profitable target segments, but also to develop a message content that is appealing to them, and to identify the most effective and efficient marketing communications mix elements and media†. Companies have to focus all their functions to the market: only Market-driven companies will be really able to set the most effective advertising (Llambin, 2008). The HoE model: three responses to be aroused As advertising is a non-personal form of communication (Fill,2009), marketing can be supported by the studies on the communication process. Among them, the hierarchy of effects model proposed by Lavidge and Steiner (1961) states sthat when the ad message reaches the consumer, following the steps of the SMRC communication model (Berlo, 1960), the receiver responds by progressively undertaking three phases: the cognitive phase as first, then the affective and finally the conative. 4 Specifically, consumers will pass through these sequential stages: Awareness, Knowledge, Liking, Preference, Conviction, Purchase. [Figure A] Figure A : Sequential stages of Lavidge and Steiner model (1961) Source: http://www. earnmarketing. net/Hierarchy%20Of%20Effects. jpg Using this tripartite approach, the marketing objectives become more definite and therefore it is possible to identify more precisely the key factors for achieving efficacy. Firms should then set up a specific advertising campaign targeted for each of the three macro-responses they want to arouse in the audience (Lavidge and Steiner, 1961). As a confirmation, even the DAGMA R model (Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results) proposed by R. H. Colley in 1961 suggests that any stage should provide the objective for Marketing Communication independent of the rest (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). The following three Mc Donald’s adverts clearly show this differentiated approach. In the first one [Figure B], nothing but the apposition of the two logos (the wi-fi one made by chips) is used: since this ad wants to make the audience learn the service provided, it refers to the cognitive phase. ) Figure B. Source: http://4. bp. blogspot. com/_I9lJuLPsXSs/S0phHAFT6fI/AAAAAAAAJ9s/TR7j4eEnYWQ/s400/Cool+and+ Beautiful+McDonald%E2%80%99s+Advertising+10. jpg 5 In the second one [Figure C], the baby approaching the hamburger evokes feelings of affection for the food offered by the company; an home atmosphere is aroused. Emotional persuasion is the first aim for the affective phase. Figure C. Source: http://www. breastfeedingsymbol. org/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2007/08/mcdonalds. jpg In the third one [Figure D], the invitation to take an action is extremely clear: consumers should have breakfast at Mc Donald’s on Mondays, convinced by the free coffee. This ad aims to induce a change in the consumers’ behaviour: it refers to the conative phase. Figure D. Source: http://www. cdonaldsstl. com/images/FreeCoffeeMondays-graphic. jpg The main limit of HoE is its rigidity: consumers do not always undertake these steps sequentially, because of their irrationality; however, the existence of these three kinds of responses is widely accepted also among the critics (Barry and Howard, 1990). Accordingly, it is possible to reformulate the central question in a more detailed way: which elements are necessary in advertising, in order to improve the company’s performance in brand awareness (1), in the affective relationship with the consumers (2), and in the sales (3)? 6 1 – Cognitive response The goal of these campaigns is to ensure that customers are properly aware of the brand; making clear the brand positioning is the main aim (Egan, 2007). Reach is the first key factor. Pelsmacker (2007) defines it as â€Å"the number or percentage of people who are expected to be exposed to the advertiser’s message during a specified period† . Reach plays the either/or role in the SMRC process: if the company does not reach the consumers, no response can be aroused. Therefore, the choice of the most appropriate media mix to reach the target segments becomes crucial for the success of the advertising campaign (Ogilvy, 1985). According to the selective influence process theories, people play a very active role as receivers in the communication process (Karlz and Lazarsfeld, 1955). There are unconscious and social intervening variables which affect the final internalization of the message. Since only the memorized information is able to affect the consumers’ behaviours the ability to pass through the selective phases of the consumer influence process is the second key factor (Karlz and Lazarsfeld, 1955). To win the receiver’s attention, it is required to overtake what Wundt (1896) alls the absolute threshold, that is the minimum psychic intensity an individual needs for reacting to a stimulus. For this reason, the effort to provide appealing creativity to the advert gains great importance (Dahlen et Al, 2010); moreover, since the traditional media are today overcrowded (Levinson, 2007), creativity can make adverts emerge to the consumers’ eyes. A clear example can be represented by the winner of the â€Å"Best Use of Blu Tac in a Shop Window Postcard Space† category in the Chip Shop Awards 2012. Clearasil posted a completely and intensely white postcard: impossible not to see. Figure E. Source: http://www. chipshopawards. com/ Clearasil is a brand of beauty products against skin imperfections (www. clearasil. co. uk) Use of creativity can also have negative impacts: it is difficult to define the line between great effect and great scandal (Godin, 1999). [see Appendix I] 7 In choosing how often to transmit the advertising message, psychology supports marketing once again (Foxall et Al, 1998). I. V. Pavlov developed the notion of â€Å"conditioned reflex† (1927): opposed to the innate reflex it is a learned reaction to a positive or negative stimulus. In marketing, this means that the repetition of a message will increase its understanding; that’s why frequency plays a key role. Frequency â€Å"measures the number of times, on average, that a member of the target audience is exposed to a message or, more accurately, to the media† (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Increasing the frequency helps making the advertise effective but, according to the Curve of Wundt (1896), if the intensity of the stimulus exceeds a certain limit it is even possible to arouse anxiety, nervousness and irritation in the receivers. – Affective response Here, the main goal is to create an affective link with consumers, in order to persuade them appreciating the brand and making a preference for it (Fill, 2009). The more the content of a message is associated to paradigmatic knowledge, the more immediate and simple is its decoding by the receiver (Grandori, 1999): that’s why advertising should carry associations recalling to the comm on culture to be effective in building an emotional link with the audience (Godin, 1999). Among all the cultural aspects, political studies have shown that the more compelling ones are common roots ; common habits ; famous figures (Gabrielsen, 2010). The use of cultural associations can be clearly found in Chrysler’s spot for the launch of the new 200 model, shown during the 2011 edition of Super Bowl. The core of the message highlights the origin of the machine, manufactured in Detroit: â€Å" That’s who we are. That’s our story. (†¦) Because when it comes to luxury, it’s as much about where it’s from, as who it’s for. Now we’re from America, but this isn’t New York City, or the Windy city. †¦) This is the Motor city. And this is what we do. The new Chrysler 200 has arrived. Imported from Detroit. † [see Appendix II] Casting famous figures (VIP) as testimonial and being present at the big events widely enjoyed and cherished by people (as the recent Olympics in London 2012) are other effective ways t o involve the audience (Arens et Al, 2011) [see Appendix III and IV] Thanks to these associations, every time that consumers get in touch with the reminded cultural aspect, they will also remember the linked brand (Godin, 1999). see Appendix V] This cultural approach shows some limits. Since culture is a sphere of meanings related to the past, the new products which aim to highlight innovation as their core quality can’t take the best benefits from cultural associations (Ogilvy, 1985). Moreover, relying on VIP means accepting the risk of linking to them the name of the brand also when something negative is referred to them (Arens et Al, 2011). [see Appendix VI] 8 3 – Conative response In order to affect consumers’ behaviours with advertising, it is necessary to understand how their decision making process works. The model developed by Vaughn for Foote Cone and Belding in 1980, known as the FCB matrix, considers it as driven by two variables: the level of involvement (high-low) and the type of approach to the purchase (rational-emotional). (McWilliam, 1997; Vaughn, 1980 and 1986). The result is the identification of 4 macro-type of purchasing process, each one requiring different kinds of information to be affected: differences are both in quantity – high and detailed or low and summarized– and quality –emotional or rational – of information. Vaughn, 1986). In Figure F, some exemplar products are placed in the 4 quadrants of the FCB matrix. Figure F. Source: Vaugh, 1980 Therefore, advertising can be effective only if it provides the consumers with the kind of information they look for in their decision making process, this one being identified by the quadrant the product is placed in. (Vaughn, 1986). The analysis of 4 different decision making processes is now addr essed, referring to the model of Vaughn (1986): 1. High involvement / rational. People look for the real facts, they need to gain the confidence they are doing the right choice (e. g. Mortgage). The way to be effective is to highlight all the product competitive benefits as well as the company know-how, and to provide the consumers with positive feedbacks . [Figure G] Figure G. Source: http://www. okeefeestateagents. com/_microsites/paul_okeefe/ docs/images/homepage/rightColAdvert/need-a-mortgage. jpg 9 2. High involvement / emotional. Consumers want to learn about and feel the experience (e. g. Holidays). Companies should provide content rich media with compelling personal feedbacks, music and everything else able to make the consumers taste the experience. [Figure H] Figure H. Source: www. adcracker. com 3. Low involvement / rational. People usually buy by habit (e. g. toothpaste). Underlining the incentives to change habits as sale coupons can be effective. [Figure I] Figure I. www. cuckooforcoupondeals. com Source: 4. Low involvement / emotional. People often looks for sensory or psychological gratification (e. g. Movies). Showing sensory rich imagery can be successful. [Figure J] Figure J. Source: http://www. filmjabber. com/movie-blog/wpcontent/uploads/2007/11/the-eye-poster. jpg The limit of the FCB matrix is the difficulty to plot the product in the right quadrant, because of the inconsistencies between consumers’ and companies’ perceptions of it (Dahlen et Al, 2010). Moreover, as marketing environment is rapidly changing, products and services can fast move from one coordinate to another in the brand image of consumers (Fill, 2009). 0 The Role of Music in Advertising Music can be a very useful tool to reach efficacy in advertising, whether the aim is to arouse a cognitive, affective or conative response in the consumers (Sutherland, 2008). The analysis aims to show how the use of music can aid or hinder the effective factors identified in the general part. 1. COGNITIVE PURPOSE Music can help to win consumers’ attention: reproducing a song well-known among the target audience o r a catchy rhythm greatly helps to get its attentions (Sutherland, 2008). The use of creativity in music can be found in the production of jingles, where companies set their own words to Music. â€Å"Jingles are among the best –and worst– ad messages produced. Done well, they can bring enormous success, well beyond the non-musical commercial. Done poorly, they can waste the advertising budget and annoy audiences beyond belief† (Arens et Al, 2011). [see Appendix VII] Moreover, what Sutherland (2008) calls the three Rs – rhyme, rhythm and repetition – give words a mnemonic quality, making the message more catchy and enduring in memory. 2. AFFECTIVE PURPOSE Research has shown that the positive mood created by music makes consumers more receptive to an ad message (Belch and Belch, 2009). When words are set to the music, a desire for repetition can be created: that’s why jingles are able to involve consumers, at the point that they can become themselves part of the cultural background of people (Sutherland, 2008). A chart of the â€Å"top 10 jingles of the century† has been made, according to people’s preferences: a prove of the attachment consumers have towards them (Belch and Belch, 2009). Figure K. Source: Belch and Belch, 2009 The case of Oscar Mayer’s spots clearly shows the emotional power of jingles in advertising. [see Appendix VIII] Jingles are used less frequently today, replaced by an increasing use of current or classic pop songs: in the age of the technologic way to live music companies must be careful not to appear oldfashionable while using jingles (Belch and Belch, 2009). 3. CONATIVE PURPOSE Music can also affect the way people behave, but since it better vehicles an emotional message, it seems to be effective especially -if not only- with the â€Å"feel products† (Sutherland, 2008). A great example of how music can be focused on action is the jingle created by the pizza chain â€Å"Pizza, Pizza† in Toronto: the company put its phone number in the lyrics, so that Toronto residents could memorize it easily. [see Appendix IX] On the other hand, music causes what Sutherland (2008) calls the â€Å"wash-over effect†: when we listen to lyrics, we process the message as an experience that we can enjoy or not rather than 11 judging the reliability of its meaning. The entertaining mood set up by music is inappropriate when consumers want to focus on the rational information, as for â€Å"think products† (Arens et Al, 2011). As the analysis of consumers’ responses to music in advertising carried by Oakes (2007) shows, reaching a congruity between music and advertising in mood, genre, image and tempo contributes to the efficacy of an advertisement by enhancing recall, brand attitude, affective response and purchase intention. Since the negotiation of the license rights often needs large sums, marketers should carefully decide if and in which way music can be coherent with the marketing campaign, in order to avoid an expensive disorientation of consumers(Belch and Belch, 2009). RECOMMENDATIONS As shown through the report, advertisers should first ascertain to find the media mix that will maximize the reach of the audience (Ogilvy, 1985). Passing successfully through all the selective phases of consumers’ influence process is necessary to make them memorize a message (Karlz and Lazarsfeld, 1955). Concretely, this can be achieved by using appealing creativity (Dahlen et Al, 2010) and by increasing the frequency of the message (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). The use of Music can be very effective both for winning consumers’ attention and adding a mnemonic quality to the message (Sutherland, 2008). When aiming to build an emotional link with consumers, a successful choice is including associations recalling to common culture in the message sent to consumers (Gabrielsen, 2010). Jingles can be such able to involve consumers, that they can become themselves part of the cultural background of people (Sutherland, 2008). To effectively affect consumers’ behaviours, advertisers must understand how the purchasing decision for their products is taken by consumers; the FCB matrix by Vaughn (1986) suggest the quantity and quality of information to provide for each of the 4 types of purchasing process identified by crossing the level of involvement (high or low) and the kind of approach (emotional or rational). Music can be effective for feel products, but not for think products, since it sets up an entertaining mood inappropriate for rational decisions (Arens et Al, 2011). The overall recommendation for companies is to consider advertising as a process that involves the entire business as connected with it by a close cause-effect relationship: when an advert is not effective, it can be the symptom that there’s something wrong in the marketing decision making process, or it can be the cause leading to future problems in the relationship with the market (Llambin, 2008). CONCLUSIONS It has been shown that a tripartite approach to the central question â€Å"which factors can make advertising effective? is able to deeply analyse the issue and to define an accurate answer. Since all the factors except the maximisation of Reach refer to the ability of reading consumers’ minds, the report has confirmed how psychology can greatly support marketing functions and, specifically, making advertising effective (Foxall et Al, 1998). That’s why Market-driven companies, which have developed a deep knowledge of their consumers as a result of large i nvestments in market research, have the concrete possibility to apply these factors in the most effective way possible (Llambin, 2008). 2 APPENDICES I. As an example, the historical testimonial used by Danish Frisbee Sports Union for the 2012 campaign will be definitely able to catch consumers’ attention, but it can reasonably arouse perplexity and disgust in a high number of people. Source: http://www. chipshopawards. com/ II. Full text of the spot: Narrator : I got a question for you. What does this city know about luxury, hm? What does a town that’s been to hell and back know about the finer things in life? Well I’ll tell you. More than most. You see, it’s the hottest fires that make the hardest steel. Add hard work and conviction. And a know how that runs generations deep in every last one of us. That’s who we are. That’s our story. Now it’s probably not the one you’ve been reading in the papers. The one being written by folks who have never even been here. Don’t know what we’re capable of. Because when it comes to luxury, it’s as much about where it’s from as who it’s for. Now we’re from America – but this isn’t New York City, or the Windy City, or Sin City, and we’re certainly no one’s Emerald City. Eminem: This is the motor city – and this is what we do. Written text: The new Chrysler 300 has arrived. Imported from Detroit Source: http://www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embeddedv=V0HLIvtJRAI III. VIP testimonials can provide good advantages: a VIP well known among the target audience can better win consumers’ attention; it allows to make the advertising message more personal, exploiting the VIP’s familiarity with the consumers ; people will associate the appreciated qualities of the VIP to the product (Arens et Al, 2011). 13 Nestle chose to set a totally VIP-focused campaign to promote Nespresso brand: George Clooney has being appeared in every adverts of the famous espresso machine, with the aim to take advantages from his style and world-wide popularity. Source of Image: http://www. generation-flux. com/images/Nespresso-site. jpg IV. A great example of how an emotional link can be built by focusing advertising on current events widely enjoyed and cherished by people is represented by the marketing campaigns of PG, created to promote their laundry products Ariel in UK and Tide in USA during the Olympics of London 2012. The compelling references on the athletic competition were present in both the spots: â€Å" Before the Gold, Silver, and Bronze, it’s the red, white and blue. At the Olympic Games, it’s not the color you go home with that matters, it’s the colors you came in. When colors mean this much, trust them to Ariel (UK)/ Tide (USA). † The meaning of the final sentence â€Å"Proud keeper of Our Country’s Colours† was certainly influenced by the images of the athletes shown in the video: for Ariel, a high number of British participants ; for Tide, almost only American players. Sources: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=DoF9DROHYnU Tide for USA; http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Jipn-MGg0DA Ariel for UK. V. A great example of the power of cultural associations can be found in politics. The ex-Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, considered the biggest innovator in the Italian political marketing – in a negative or positive way depending on the political conviction – (Palmieri, 2012), named his first party â€Å"Forza Italia† (1994), that is the same slogan used by Italian people as an incitement for the national football team. The result was a â€Å"widespread embarrassment† (ibidem) when people not voting for Berlusconi wanted to support the football team, but they had to shout the name of his party: they could not manage not to think about this political association. VI. Cirio is an Italian company founded in 1856 specialized in canned food, especially in tomato paste. (www. cirio. co. uk) Cirio managers weren’t happy to learn that their testimonial Gerard Depardieu was founded drunk and misbehaving on a plane just two weeks later the advertising campaign was launched. The spot is accessible here: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=ReGPNs-HfH0 The episode reported: http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/celebritynews/8706992/GerardDepardieu-accused-of-urinating-on-floor-of-plane. html VII. As an example, in the 1970s Coca-Cola was so successful with its jingle â€Å"I’d like to buy the world a Coke† that it was then extended and released to become an international chart hit called â€Å"I’d like to Teach the World to Sing† (Sutherland, 2008). VIII. Oscar Mayer is a brand owned by Kraft Foods. At the end of last century the company held local auditions in search of American children to continue the 30-year tradition of singing the catchy â€Å"bologna† and â€Å"wiener† jingles: they were such known that Oscar Mayer decided to be selfreferential in order to best cultivate the relationship with the consumers. Thompson, S. 1997. â€Å"Promotions: Nostalgia Bolognese†, Brandweek, April 14, 1997 Original videos are available here: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=rmPRHJd3uHI (Bologna); http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=aNddW2xmZp8feature=related (Wieners) IX. The example and the text of the jingle are reported in Sutherland (2008, p 122): â€Å"nine-sixseven, eleven eleven / phone Pizza Pizza, hey hey hey! † 14 List of References BOOKS Llambin, J. J. , 2008. Market-driven management, Marketing strategico e operativo 5th ed. Milano: Mc Graw Hill. Oxford, 2007. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on historical principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press Berlo, D. K. , 1960. The process of communication : an introduction to theory and practice. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Egan, J. , 2007. Marketing Communications. South Western Cengage Learning. De Pelsmacker, P. , Geuens, M. and Van den Bergh, J. , 2007. Marketing Communications: a European Perspective, 3rd edition. Harlow: Financial Time Prentice Hall. Wundt, W. , 1896. Compendium of Psychology. Consulted in the 3rd Italian translation by Agliardi L. , 2004. Compendio di psicologia. E-book accessible at: http://www. liberliber. it/mediateca/libri/w/wundt/compendio_di_psicologia/pdf/compendi_p. pdf Katz, E. and Lazarsfeld, P. F, 1955. Personal influence : the part played by people in the flow of mass communications. London : Transaction (ed. 2006). Levinson, Jay Conrad; Levinson, Jeannie; Levinson, How to cite Which Factors Make Advertising Effective?, Essay examples

Emotion vs Motivation free essay sample

There are many ways in which emotions can change our state of motivation at any given moment. There are many theories and models that help explain why people are motivated to do the things they do, whether it is at work, school, or just at home with children. However, in some way, they are applicable, and make it easier to understand why humans do what they do. There are two different models being examined today, and the achievement motive as well as the arousal theory will be applied. The first theory being examined will be the arousal theory. The arousal theory suggests that each of us has an optimum level of arousal that varies over the course of the day and from one situation to another. According to this view, behavior is motivated by the desire to maintain the optimum level of arousal for a given moment.† (Morris and Maisto, pg. We will write a custom essay sample on Emotion vs Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 260) The first situation presented is as followed; â€Å"Stacie finds that, although she used to like her current position within the company, she now finds it less rewarding. She has been in the same position for a few years, and in the past, enjoyed working on the team she was assigned. Recently, she had the opportunity to work on a special project, but this work was temporary. She found the brainstorming, planning, and development related to the project invigorating and engaging. Once the project was completed, she returned to her prior position. She no longer finds her current position as satisfying as she used to prior to working on the special project. She is considering changing positions within the company, if possible, or seeking out a job in another organization.† Stacie found the work that she was previously performing sufficient enough to meet her arousal needs until she was faced with more challenging work. Because she found the new project invigorating and engaging, her arousal was increased, but not so much to make it where she could not perform the tasks at hand. She was more motivated by the new work because her arousal was heightened and the prior position created a lessened amount of arousal,  therefore making the previous work harder to perform. This confirms the Dodson law, because she was no longer able to optimally perform the simple tasks of her previous work because her level of arousal was not heightened enough. (Morris and Mais to, pg. 260) She was not feeling challenged enough to engage in the work that she was previously being asked to perform. The next model to be examined will be the achievement motive. The achievement motive is the need to excel and overcome obstacles. (Morris and Maisto, pg. 277) The second situation being presented is as follows; Shannon comes to work every day on time. She does her job as assigned, works very hard, takes on challenging tasks to improve performance, and ensures that this is noticed by others. She is very clear about the expectations for her position as well as the criteria for evaluation. During annual evaluations, she hopes her evaluation scores are high enough for her to be eligible for a merit raise. One of her primary goals for this year is to be nominated for the employee of the year award at the companys annual dinner, which comes with both a preferred parking space and a cash bonus. There are three aspects of achievement-oriented behavior and they include work orientation (the desire to do a good job), mastery (improving past performance) and competitiveness (comparing one’s skills with peers’.) Shannon made sure to take on challenging tasks and improve her performance, thus fulfilling the aspect of mastery. She does her assigned work and works very hard, as well as staying clear on expectations, fulfilling the aspect of work orientation. And lastly, she makes sure that her work is noticed and hopes to win employee of the year, fulfilling the aspect of competitiveness, because she hopes to excel beyond the work of her peers. Although her achievement motive is extremely strong, she may also be affected by the extrinsic motivators of a preferred parking space and cash bonus as well. This may also play a strong role in her motivation. Emotions can also easily influence the amount of motivation a person has towards a given task. We will focus on Ekman’s 6 primary, universal emotions. Because emotions are not based on specific needs and desires, but more how a person is feeling, it is more difficult to predict emotion based on behavior. However, in Stacie’s case, and her lack of arousal, anger may  play a role in how well she performs the easier work she was presented before the new project. If she becomes angry or sad because she is tired of the work she is doing, and cannot get a more challenging job, it would make it more difficult to perform the task at hand because she is focusing on her emotions and not on her work, although it is easy work. This can be comparable to Shannon as well. If she does not get awarded employee of the year, she may become angry or disgusted with herself, therefore making it so she does not work as hard the next time around. Anger may play a role in making the tasks at hand harder to perform. However, if Stacie does get a new position that meets her arousal needs, she will most likely feel the emotion of happiness, which in turn will allow her to work in her environment better because she feels better about what she is doing. Shannon would feel the same way. If she was to win employee of the year, she would be elated, and take on her position with happiness and pride. Thus, her achievement motive would be boosted even more, and the emotion of happiness would help motivate her to do the work presented. Organizations could take into account the achievement motive, and make sure that there is some level of recognition with employees so that they feel the work they are performing is not going unnoticed. It will allow them to do better than peers, ultimately improving work place behaviors across the board. If the arousal theory was taken into account, organizations could work on recognizing employee’s needs so that they do not become bored with the work they are performing. If they are no longer interested in the work being done, chances are that the quality of work being done will be better than if employees are not intrigued with what they are working on.

Review of M.I.A. song ;Borders; by M.I.A free essay sample

Artist M.I.A recently released politically charged song called â€Å"Borders†, which challenges the norms of todays society and the way we identify as people. Through the powerful lyrics and visually stunning music video for the song â€Å"Borders† hip-hop artist M.I.A questions what’s up with todays corrupted society as well as why we as people put up walls against each other socially and nationally. The entirety of the song is a political cry for major change in our culture in hopes for more unified and equal future for all of humanity. The songs introduction starts with questioning the true meaning of freedom and M.I.A is saying that instead of freedom we as people have adopted â€Å"I’dom† or† Me’dom†. Many people tend to fight for the individual rights of only a certain group of people or are only concerned with one’s own freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of M.I.A. song ;Borders; by M.I.A or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This separation of identities defies our togetherness as human beings. The diverse world we live in is fueled by many forms of prejudices and racism which is the result of the misunderstanding, lack of education, or plain ignorance of a culture or certain identity. We as people need to be focused on the rights and freedom of all people despite race, class, gender, sexual orientation, religion, nationality, hence: â€Å"We’dom is the key.† The first verse states a multiple of controversial political issues in a purposefully simplistic manner, each followed with the same question, â€Å"what’s up with that?† For example, M.I.A sings the line â€Å"borders† and then asks after â€Å"what’s up with that?† Other points the first verse includes are the following: â€Å"borders, politics, police shots, identities, youre privilege, broke people, boat people, the realness and the new world†. All of which are followed with the same burni ng question â€Å"what’s up with that?†. M.I.A argues that this is the world that we have been brought into and there is really no answer to our unjust reality. One would think â€Å"what’s up with that?† is a fair question when considering police brutality, the immigration crisis, poverty, and the white privilege. The question itself is so powerful because many people do not know â€Å"what’s up† with these injustices in our society. The second verse takes a deeper insight on corruption of todays society by looking at matters beyond the politics and focusing on pop culture. M.I.A makes an interesting point by questioning something as simple as the slang our generation has developed on social media. The examples M.I.A chose to put in her song are following:â€Å"queen† â€Å"killing it† â€Å"slaying it† â€Å"you’re goals† â€Å"being bae†. Once again all followed withâ€Å"what’s up with th at?† These sayings seem pretty silly when said aloud but somehow through the internet these have become societal norms of social media communication and are even used to describe someone our society considers to be great like Beyonce. These expressions used on a regular basis show the shallowness of our generation and unimportant characteristics and mannerisms that are so commonly glorified. M.I.A questions a few more aspects of pop culture including â€Å"breaking the internet, what’s up with that?† This refers to Kim Kardashians nude cover for Paper Magazine that was captioned â€Å"break the internet†. This picture made its way to almost everyone on the internet because of the provocative nature and superficial qualities that once again are glorified. People tend to focus so much on irrelevant social media obsessions, such as a picture of Kim Kardashians butt, rather than focusing on genuine current affairs such as 46.7 million people currently living i n poverty. People separate themselves from the world of suffering when it does not directly identify with them. The lack of concern for people in suffering has had a catastrophic impact on our world. In the music video to the song â€Å"Borders† M.I.A choses to bring light to the current European immigration crisis by showing hundreds of people trying to climb large barbed wired fence. There were also scenes where people were looking like they are in suffering while traveling across sea on overcrowded boats. This is just one example of a major issue being ignored by our society. Many of these immigrants are Muslim, therefore, Americans chose to not identify with them. We disassociate with them by labeling the entire culture as extremists and terrorists. This is the result of Americans being uneducated and ignorant to the religion of Islam and other Middle Eastern culture. Because we assume they are all dangerous, we deny these people safety and haven in our country while they continue to live in conditions where they are fearful of their lives on an everyday basis. It is easier for us to separate ourselves from them so we can block them out and ignore the horrific circumstances that hundreds of thousands of people are currently facing. The song â€Å"Borders† by M.I.A argues that identities are still used to put people against each other. We separate ourselves from them because of our differences and put up walls or â€Å"borders† to ignore the harsh reality of our corrupt world. Whether it’s one’s race, class, gender, sexual orientation, religion, nationality, etc. the difference of identities are used to separate people from each other.In the final verse M.I.A gets to the root of discrimination. She questions â€Å"egos, your values, your beliefs, your families, history† and asks again â€Å"what’s up with that.†Our identities are being question on a personal level. What’s up with our beliefs and values that tell us it’s okay to discriminate? What’s up with our families? What’s up with our history? Why do we as humans continuously allow for an unequal society that only privileges white people.M.I.A argues that this is the â€Å"North, South, East, and Western.† We are one. We as one need to stop separating ourselves by identities and ignoring those who are different. Together as simply humans we can end the reign of dominant cultures and finally stop discrimination and injustice against minorities. â€Å"We dem smartphones dont be dumb.† -M.I.A

Free Essays on Teen Depression

Adolescent Depression: The Under Acknowledged Disease Psychology Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment which may often continue into adulthood. How prevalent are mood disorders in children and when should an adolescent with changes in mood be considered clinically depressed? Brown (1996) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents is because "children are not always able to express how they feel." Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (1996) observed that the "challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm." Therefore, diagnosis should not lay only in the physician's hands but be associated with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster & Montgomery, 1996). Mood diso rders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety (Oster & Montgomery, 1996), eating disorders (Lasko et al., 1996), hypera... Free Essays on Teen Depression Free Essays on Teen Depression Adolescent Depression: The Under Acknowledged Disease Psychology Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment which may often continue into adulthood. How prevalent are mood disorders in children and when should an adolescent with changes in mood be considered clinically depressed? Brown (1996) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents is because "children are not always able to express how they feel." Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (1996) observed that the "challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm." Therefore, diagnosis should not lay only in the physician's hands but be associated with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster & Montgomery, 1996). Mood diso rders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety (Oster & Montgomery, 1996), eating disorders (Lasko et al., 1996), hypera...

APPLE PAY AT WALGREENS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

APPLE PAY AT WALGREENS - Research Paper Example The Walgreen Company, the largest drug retailer in the United Stated is one among many companies which has implemented the latest payment solution in the world and the results are clear. Costanza (2015) notes that there has been an increase in sales for Walgreen. While this cannot be single handedly attributed to Apple pay, customer convenience and the ease of payment has greatly improved since its introduction. Apple pay which is backed by the world’s most valuable technology was able to be rolled out at Walgreen Company with minimal cost and disruptions. As noted in the interview with company executive voyles, the ease of payment, security and speedy check-out has proved to be a major hit with customers. Apple pay is enabled by NFC and EMV technology and backed up by the three main card providers Visa, MasterCard and American Express. While highly successful so far, there have been challenges. For example two main retailers Walmart and BestBuy have rejected this payment system in favor of their own. Reisinger (2014) also notes that there are other challenges such as a dead battery, losing your mobile phone as well as platforms which are not supported. Overall Apple pay has a positive impact on sales and customer experience at the Walgreen Company. While challenges and competition heat up mobile payments will in the future remain at the heart of today’s tech savvy

3 researches Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3 researches - Research Paper Example paper though is the solid inter-relationship between two components that complete each other for their existence like matter and antimatter; black and white photography and genes and inheritance. Matter and antimatter forge a particular chemistry in asymmetry and bonding because one hardly exists without the other, because they both share similar masses. A positron that is positively charged is an antiparticle to the electron that is negatively charged. They are always produced as a pair. Genes and inheritance is also a working pair because a chromosome pair contains characteristics from both parents hence these traits are passed to the children as inheritance. Black and white photography tops it all because it is the most beautiful chemistry in basic visual arts or photography because where one color is involved there can never be any photography the two contrasting color element of black and white have to co-exist in a similar setting to capture the aspect of photography. Perhaps the best hero myth to explain the Joseph Campbell hero’s journey model of delving into the special or imaginary world from the ordinary world and back to the ordinary world in history of myths with famous heroes is one Hercules (BBC). Hercules or Heracles as the Greeks call him is a Greek hero as a son of Zeus, a god and Alcmene the granddaughter of Perseus. Hercules grows up to become a warrior hero. Hercules or Heracles hero starts in the ordinary world when Hera the jealous wife of Zeus made him temporarily insane so that Hercules killed his very own wife and children. As a punishment by the king Eurystheus of Tiryns he was sent to travel for twelve years and perform twelve different gruesome tasks. These tasks seem to capture the special world context because one of the tasks which is killing an evil character by the name of Lernean Hydra who has snake like hydra and nine separate heads shows the difficult tests Hercules had to undergo in dealing with the creatures from the

Reflection On Separation Of The Church And State History Essay

Reflection On Separation Of The Church And State History Essay In the early sixteenth century there was only one religion in Western Europe. This was the Roman Catholic religion. For a long time, the Catholic Church had been involved in the political life of Western Europe. As a result of their involvement in politics, the Catholic Church became very rich and powerful. This caused the church to become weakened spiritually. The church had become a lot more interested in or had become corrupted by power and wealth causing it to pay very little interest to its actual purpose which was handling the spiritual problems of the masses. This caused the church to begin a number of malpractices, such as the sale of indulgences to the masses. Indulgences were documents signed by the pope that forgave or absolved people of all their sins and gave them access into heaven. Indulgences could also be purchased on the behalf of a dead relative, to reduce their time in purgatory before entry into heaven. The relationship between the church and the masses soon beca me solely based on money. Most of these practices, especially that of the sale of indulgences caused a number of people in different European states to start questioning the church, which was labeled as an act of heresy by the church. This people were the likes of Martin Luther in Germany, Erasmus of Rotterdam, John Calvin in Switzerland, and Henry VIII in England. Martin Luther was actually the main person behind the reformations which took place in Germany, and eventually spread to other parts of Europe. His actions started with the letter and 95 theses he wrote against the church in 1517(). In his writings, he questioned the churchs sale of indulgences as well as other malpractices. His writings spread throughout Germany and eventually most parts of Europe causing people to begin to see the malpractices carried out by the Catholic Church. As a result of this, Luther was excommunicated by the Catholic Church in 1521. This did not change anything as Luthers ideas had already spread throughout Germany. Luthers reforms led to a number of wars against the church, which eventually led to the separation of the church. Luther formed the Lutheran church. Another important figure that contributed to the reformation of the Catholic Church was John Calvin. Most of John Calvins works, such as the Institutes of Christian Religion were published in Switzerland which was a more liberal place as compared to France where he was born and escaped from. The Institutes of Christian religion was published in 1536(). He would have been persecuted by the king and the church if he had published his works in France. Calvins ideas were hugely successful in Switzerland and majority of the Catholics became protestant. Like Luthers ideas, the Catholic Church was against them and labeled them to acts of heresy. Calvin formed the Calvinist church. The king of England at the time, King Henry the VIII also played a major role in the reforms against the Catholic Church. English reformations against the church began under his reign. He pulled England away from the rule of the Catholic Church, making himself the supreme head of the English church by an act of parliament in 1534(). Although the English church had been cut off from the popes control, the English people were still predominantly Catholic. It was only later that the Church of England was to be known as the Anglican church of England and Anglicanism became a religion. Although Henrys actions were for personal reasons, he questioned the Catholic Churchs authority, something that would spread throughout England. There were many others who contributed to the reformations against the Catholic Church, but the likes of Martin Luther, John Calvin and King Henry VIII were at the fore front. The reforms that took place against the church helped most governments to break away from the control of the pope and the church. Most countries such as England and North Germany could to some extent make political decisions without the churchs permission. The population did not have to pay any more taxes to the church. The Catholic Church hit back against the protestant reformers with what was known as the Counter Reformation. The Counter Reformation was led most notably by pope Paul III in 1534. He hit back with the approval of the new religious order called the Jesuits in the convocation of the council of Trent to deal with disciplinary and doctrinal questions asked by the Protestants 1545 1563() . He also readily deployed military assistance when necessary to act against the Protestants. The Catholics succeeded to save some of its territories from the reformers as well as obtain new territories in North and South America. This was done through a number of wars against the Protestants. Although most of Europe still remained predominantly catholic, the church lost the grip it had on the masses. People began to ask questions unlike before. The reformations against the church had a major impact on the separation of the church from the state. After the reformations, the next period that really affected the church was the period of revolutions in science and political thought. During this period, ideas such as geocentrism accepted by the church where being questioned by scientist. The likes of Nicolas Coperincus, Johannes Kepler, Gallileo Gallilei and Isaac Newton proved the idea to be wrong and came up with the idea of heliocentrism. William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood, which was previously and unattainable feet because the church did not permit dissection of the human corps. More aspects of the catholic religion were questioned and yet again were proven to be wrong. Although the church threatened most of them and ordered their works not be read, the damage had already been done. The church began to lose its supremacy over the masses. The works and discoveries by scientist greatly affected philosophers of the next century. Like scientist, a lot of philosophers also started coming up with new ideas which enc ouraged people to begin thinking. A lot of these philosophers gave ideas concerning political thought and reasoning. They included the likes of David Hume, John Locke, Francis Bacon, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Franà §ois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire), Charles-Louis de Secondat Baron de Montesquieu, Immanuel Kant and many others. Most of this philosophers or philosophes came from the enlightenment (Age of Reason) period in the eighteenth century. The idea behind most of their work was the reduction of power from the kings in Europe. The kings in Europe at the time were absolute monarchs, and exercised authority over their subjects as the head of state and government. Most of the philosophes at this time were against this form of government, and strongly encouraged a form of power reduction. Montesquieu, for example came up with the idea of the separation of power into three distinct branches. These three branches included; the executive, the legislative and the judiciary. Most governments tod ay such as those of France and Germany are being ruled with the idea of separation of government. John Lockes idea was that a rulers authority was supposed to be conditional and not absolute. In his book entitled Two Treatises of Government (1680 1690), he defines political power to be A right of making laws with penalties of death, and consequently all less penalties for the regulating and preserving of property, and of employing the force of the community, in the execution of such laws, and in the defense of the common-wealth from foreign injury; and all this only for the public good (195). The United States of America is an example of a country that uses this form of government today. The ideas introduced by these philosophers led to revolutions in Europe, such as the French revolution and in European colonies abroad such as the American Revolution. The people sort to end the reign of absolute monarchy and introduce a new form of government. The French philosophe Voltaires ideas were also very influential. He directly questioned religious dogma at the time. He strongly routed for the separation of the state from the church. At the time the government was integrated with religion. What the church saw as an offense against its doctrines, the government laid out a sanction for the crime. No one could speak freely, choose his religion, or think without being persecuted. Revolts against absolute kings in a way were revolts against the church. As different European countries reluctantly accepted the change from absolutism, they became open to many other things including Protestantism. The Catholic Church slowly lost its grip over political affairs of the state thus leading to secularism and eventually, separation of the church from the state. With this, punishment was not given out to the citizens on the bases of religious laws or doctrines. In 1648, after the thirty years wars (a war that caused a transition from medieval to modern politics), secularism was really put into effect. Church lands were transferred to the state during the treaty of Westphalia, as well as the tolerance to other minor religions (Protestants). With the coming of secularism and the separation of the church from state, most countries picked up what was known as sovereign nation-states. The treaty ended the Holy Roman Empire as an institution and began what was known as a modern European system. England was the first European country to end the reign of the absolute monarchs in Europe. This happened at the end of the seventeenth century through the glorious revolutions under James IIs rule. These revolutions saw the complete over throw of absolute monarchs in England. The power of the monarchs became supplementary to the powers of branches of government. Parliament then drew up a Bill of Rights which restricted the power monarchs over the parliament and individuals in the society. It would not be for another century that absolutism would end in other parts of Europe. Absolutism ended mainly in most of Europe with the coming of the French revolution. The French revolution began in France in 1789 under the reign of Louis XVI. The revolution ended with the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793 (). This brought an end to absolute monarchy in France. This period was followed by Robespierres reign of terror under a new form of government called the National Convention from 1793 1794 (). The system in France eventually led to a consulate form of government in 1799. Napoleon Bonaparte became the emperor of France in 1804. Napoleon Bonaparte was strongly for the removal of the church from state affairs. France and the Catholic Church were not on good terms during the period of the revolutions. Regardless of this, Napoleon signed the Concordat 1801, which was an agreement that Napoleon would recognize the church and Pope Pius VII would recognize the revolution. All this was a formality for Napoleon as he did not really care what the Catholic Church thought. He was very displeased with the amount of power the Catholic Church had. During Napoleons coronation by the pope in 1804, he seized the crown from the pope and crowned himself emperor. This was in a way to show that he was not going to share his power with the pope. Napoleon was also in favor of religious tolerance and this was clearly seen through his Napoleonic code. her minor religions (protestants) thus followed. the bases of religious laws or doctrines s including protestianism

Samsung Case Study

Strategy Presentation on Countering Threat from Chinese Company BBackground ackground †¢ Samsung founded in 1938 by Byung-Chull Lee. †¢ 1950’s Economic Stabilization – Korean War – Samsung lost all assets – aimed to help rebuild Korean economy; entered the manufacturing industry (sugar, fabrics) – became a leader in modern business practices (recruiting from outside) †¢ 1960’s Expansion of Key Industries – entered electronics and chemical industries – 1969 established Samsung Electronics Co. as a division of the Samsung Group. In 1970s, Samsung's entry into the semiconductors business was pivotal for the company, to that end, creation of Samsung's semiconductors and telecommunication Co. in 1978. – – – laid the groundwork for electronics in Korea helped the domestic economy grow paved the way for exports †¢ 1980’s: Samsung was manufacturing, shipping, and selling a wide range of ap pliances and electronic products throughout the world. – – – A more comprehensive electronics company established Semiconductor and Communication corporation began memory chip business †¢ Early 90’s: Integration and Globalization – – Sales at Samsung Group grew more than 2. times between 1987 and 1992. Mid-Late 90’s: Implementing new management strategies Samsung Product Range Some of Samsung products Home Multimedia Mobile Multimedia Personal Multimedia Core Components Core-Competencies Samsung- Core Competencies High Quality Standards Superior Efficiency Innovation Drive Customer Responsiveness Reliable Products †¢ Reliable Products †¢ Work with design firms †¢ Located main R&D †¢ Learning new design †¢ Employee welfare facility and fabs at rules and application †¢ Active Recruitment a single site †¢ A common design of foreign Talent †¢ Performance platform with †¢ Global Strategy as ed promotion customization as per Group †¢ Reward but requirement †¢ Employees global no Firing business skills Policy Ability to customize product to †¢ Regional Specialist †¢ Debate based customer demands program agreements Increasing Competition Rank Company Market Share 1 Samsung 34% 2 Hynix 22% 3 Micron Technology 15% 4 Elpida Memory 14% 5 Qimoda 5% Industry Analysis: Porter’s Five Forces †¢ Fierce Rivalry due to increase in capacity & cyclical downturn Industry †¢ Entry of new Chinese companies Rivalry †¢ Suppliers are likely to becomes more concentrated and offer about 5% discount on bulk purchaseSupplier †¢ Buyers are largely OEM with no one controlling more than 20% of the market. Buyers †¢ Buyers are likely to negotiate hard for prices. Entry Barrier Substitute †¢ High entry barriers due to requirement of capital investment and complex †¢ Chinese firms going for joint ventures and access to foreign investment. à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Memory chips did not have any substitutes but old technology is likely to be replaced by more advanced technology. SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats †¢ Diversified product line to cover all customer needs †¢ High market share in Mobiles, Memory Chips and LCD High Brand value from multiple sponsorships †¢ High investment on research and development †¢ Customers place question on durability of products †¢ Lack of focus on niche market †¢ Low Average salary in the market †¢ Strong and growing customer demand for high-end products †¢ Young population gives a chance to develop customer base for future †¢ Intensifying competition †¢ Low cost Chinese products †¢ May lose advantage of DRAM technology to new Nana Tech Competitive Advantages of Chinese Firms †¢ Access to cheap labour and local engineering talent †¢ Government subsidies †¢ Easy access to local & international financial capital Lower cost structure †¢ Willing to endure years of losses to gain market share Competitive Advantages of Samsung †¢ Dedicated workforce of manual labourers and engineers †¢ Strong product portfolio †¢ SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, RDRAM, other DRAMs †¢ Early mover advantage in increasing wafer-size †¢ Sustained levels of high operating margins †¢ Adoption of â€Å"stacking† method for fabrication Competitive Advantages of Samsung †¢ Strategic co-location of R&D and fabrication facilities †¢ Enabling an efficient cost-structure †¢ Favourable environmental conditions †¢ In-house competitions for new product developments Active involvement of junior staff and engineers in discussions regarding new products leading to innovation Competitive Advantages of Samsung †¢ Strong HR Policies †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Investment in employees’ higher education Active recruitment of foreign talent Goodwill towards employees 3 levels of Performance-based incentives †¢ Project-based incentive †¢ Productivity-based incentive †¢ Profit-based incentive Strong Financials Samsung Micron Infineon Hynix SMIC COGS/Sales 23% 44% 33% 44% 32% SG&A/Sales 12% 26% 9% 16% 8% R&D/Sales 11% 13% 14% 13% 18% Labor/Sales 11% 21% 16% 11% 8% Sales 5. 08 4. 48 4. 73 4. 58 4. 3 COGS 1. 19 1. 98 1. 57 2. 01 1. 84 SG&A 0. 59 1. 18 0. 44 0. 74 0. 34 R&D 0. 56 0. 56 0. 67 0. 61 0. 8 Labor 0. 54 0. 94 0. 75 0. 51 0. 34 Lower Raw material, Labour, Depreciation, R&D costs. Higher Selling Price! Resulting in better financial indicators: Lower COGS/Sales Lower SG&A/Sales Lower R&D/Sales (Exhibit 7d) The Big Question Can Samsung weather the Chinese Threat? Yes, Samsung continues to retain and gain market share. Samsung has a high brand value- Can leverage on Brand Equity. Wide Range of Product Offerings for sustenance. Deterring New Entrants Strategies to deter new entrants StrategyNiche Products Price Cut Cut down on pric e and Innovate on niche force a price war and products and drive competitors out explore new of the market markets Excess Capacity Acquisition Increase output and Acquire small force down prices to entrants with good make market entry potential to perform unprofitable Way Forward †¢ Keep Innovating and Invest heavily in R&D †¢ Focus on New Niche Products †¢ Maintain Reliability and Quality of Product †¢ Focus on More Foreign talent including talent from China as well †¢ Invest in lower end chip factories in china †¢ May look towards increasing the average salary Thank You